Home  ›  Mommy's Bliss Constipation Ease How Much Amount Added With Water to Be Given for 6 Month Baby

Mommy's Bliss Constipation Ease How Much Amount Added With Water to Be Given for 6 Month Baby

Written By Sunday, March 6, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Bowel dysfunction that is characterized by infrequent or difficult evacuation of carrion

Medical condition

Constipation
Other names Costiveness,[1] dyschezia[2]
Constipation.JPG
Constipation in a immature child seen on X-ray. Circles correspond areas of fecal matter (stool is white surrounded past black bowel gas).
Specialty Gastroenterology
Symptoms Infrequent or hard to pass bowel movements, abdominal pain, bloating[ii] [iii]
Complications Hemorrhoids, anal fissure, fecal impaction[4]
Causes Slow movement of stool within the colon, irritable bowel syndrome, celiac illness, non-celiac gluten sensitivity, pelvic floor disorders[4] [5] [vi]
Take chances factors Hypothyroidism, diabetes, Parkinson'southward affliction, gluten-related disorders, colon cancer, ovarian cancer, diverticulitis, inflammatory bowel affliction, sure medications[iv] [5] [6]
Treatment Drinking enough fluids, eating more fiber, exercise[iv]
Medication Laxatives of the bulk forming agent, osmotic agent, stool softener, or lubricant type[4]
Frequency 2–30%[7]

Constipation refers to bowel movements that are infrequent or hard to pass.[2] The stool is often hard and dry out.[4] Other symptoms may include abdominal pain, bloating, and feeling as if one has non completely passed the bowel movement.[3] Complications from constipation may include hemorrhoids, anal fissure or fecal impaction.[four] The normal frequency of bowel movements in adults is between three per day and three per week.[four] Babies oftentimes accept three to iv bowel movements per twenty-four hours while young children typically have two to three per day.[viii]

Constipation has many causes.[iv] Common causes include tiresome movement of stool inside the colon, irritable bowel syndrome, and pelvic floor disorders.[4] Underlying associated diseases include hypothyroidism, diabetes, Parkinson's disease, celiac illness, non-celiac gluten sensitivity, colon cancer, diverticulitis, and inflammatory bowel disease.[4] [5] [vi] [9] Medications associated with constipation include opioids, certain antacids, calcium channel blockers, and anticholinergics.[four] Of those taking opioids almost 90% develop constipation.[10] Constipation is more than concerning when there is weight loss or anemia, claret is present in the stool, at that place is a history of inflammatory bowel affliction or colon cancer in a person'due south family, or it is of new onset in someone who is older.[11]

Treatment of constipation depends on the underlying cause and the duration that information technology has been nowadays.[four] Measures that may help include drinking enough fluids, eating more fiber, consumption of honey[12] and exercise.[4] If this is not constructive, laxatives of the bulk forming agent, osmotic amanuensis, stool softener, or lubricant type may be recommended.[4] Stimulant laxatives are generally reserved for when other types are non effective.[4] Other treatments may include biofeedback or in rare cases surgery.[4]

In the general population rates of constipation are 2–30 percent.[7] Among elderly people living in a care dwelling the rate of constipation is 50–75 percent.[10] People spend, in the U.s.a., more than US$250one thousand thousand on medications for constipation a twelvemonth.[13]

Definition

Constipation is a symptom, non a affliction. Most ordinarily, constipation is thought of every bit infrequent bowel movements, ordinarily less than 3 stools per week.[xiv] [15] However, people may have other complaints besides including:[three] [16]

  • Straining with bowel movements
  • Excessive fourth dimension needed to laissez passer a bowel move
  • Hard stools
  • Pain with bowel movements secondary to straining
  • Abdominal pain
  • Abdominal bloating.
  • the sensation of incomplete bowel evacuation.

The Rome Iii Criteria are a set of symptoms that aid standardize the diagnosis of constipation in diverse age groups. These criteria help physicians to meliorate ascertain constipation in a standardized style.

Causes

The causes of constipation can exist divided into built, master, and secondary.[2] The most mutual kind is primary and not life-threatening.[17] It can as well be divided by the age group affected such as children and adults.

Primary or functional constipation is defined past ongoing symptoms for greater than six months not due to an underlying cause such as medication side effects or an underlying medical condition.[2] [18] It is not associated with intestinal pain, thus distinguishing it from irritable bowel syndrome.[two] It is the nigh common kind of constipation, and is oft multifactorial.[17] [19] In adults, such primary causes include: dietary choices such as bereft dietary fiber or fluid intake, or behavioral causes such every bit decreased physical activity. In the elderly, mutual causes have been attributed to insufficient dietary cobweb intake, inadequate fluid intake, decreased physical activeness, side effects of medications, hypothyroidism, and obstacle past colorectal cancer.[twenty] Testify to back up these factors however is poor.[xx]

Secondary causes include side effects of medications such every bit opiates, endocrine and metabolic disorders such equally hypothyroidism, and obstruction such as from colorectal cancer[19] or ovarian cancer.[21] Celiac disease and not-celiac gluten sensitivity may likewise present with constipation.[5] [22] [six] Cystocele can develop as a result of chronic constipation.[23]

Diet

Constipation tin can be caused or exacerbated by a low-fiber diet, low liquid intake, or dieting.[16] [24] Dietary fiber helps to decrease colonic ship fourth dimension, increases stool bulk but simultaneously softens stool. Therefore, diets low in fiber tin pb to principal constipation.[xix]

Medications

Many medications have constipation every bit a side upshot. Some include (but are not limited to) opioids, diuretics, antidepressants, antihistamines, antispasmodics, anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, antiarrythmics, beta-adrenoceptor antagonists, anti-diarrheals, 5-HT3 receptor antagonists such equally ondansetron, and aluminum antacids.[16] [25] Certain calcium channel blockers such as nifedipine and verapamil tin can crusade severe constipation due to dysfunction of motion in the rectosigmoid colon.[26] Supplements such as calcium and iron supplements can also have constipation as a notable side effect.[ citation needed ]

Medical conditions

Metabolic and endocrine issues which may lead to constipation include: pheochromocytoma, hypercalcemia, hypothyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, porphyria, chronic kidney affliction, pan-hypopituitarism, diabetes mellitus, and cystic fibrosis.[xvi] [17] Constipation is also mutual in individuals with muscular and myotonic dystrophy.[16]

Systemic diseases that may present with constipation include celiac illness and systemic sclerosis.[5] [22] [27]

Constipation has a number of structural (mechanical, morphological, anatomical) causes, namely through creating space-occupying lesions inside the colon that stop the passage of stool, such as colorectal cancer, strictures, rectocoles, anal sphincter damage or malformation and post-surgical changes. Extra-abdominal masses such as other malignancies can also lead to constipation from external compression.[28]

Constipation also has neurological causes, including anismus, descending perineum syndrome, and Hirschsprung'south affliction.[7] In infants, Hirschsprung's disease is the most common medical disorder associated with constipation. Anismus occurs in a small minority of persons with chronic constipation or obstructed defecation.[29]

Spinal string lesions and neurological disorders such as Parkinson'south disease and pelvic floor dysfunction[17] can also lead to constipation.

Chagas affliction may cause constipation through the destruction of the myenteric plexus.[30] [31]

Psychological

Voluntary withholding of the stool is a common cause of constipation.[xvi] The option to withhold can be due to factors such as fear of pain, fear of public restrooms, or laziness.[16] When a child holds in the stool a combination of encouragement, fluids, fiber, and laxatives may be useful to overcome the problem.[32] Early on intervention with withholding is of import as this tin can pb to anal fissures.[33]

Congenital

A number of diseases present at birth can result in constipation in children. They are as a group uncommon with Hirschsprung's affliction (Hd) beingness the nigh common.[34] There are besides congenital structural anomalies that can pb to constipation, including anterior displacement of the anus, imperforate anus, strictures, and small left colon syndrome.[35]

Pathophysiology

Diagnostic approach

Significant constipation in the apparently X-ray of an 8-year-old

The diagnosis is typically made based on a person'southward description of the symptoms. Bowel movements that are difficult to pass, very firm, or made upward of small-scale hard pellets (similar those excreted by rabbits) authorize as constipation, even if they occur every twenty-four hour period. Constipation is traditionally defined every bit three or fewer bowel movements per week.[14] Other symptoms related to constipation can include bloating, distension, abdominal pain, headaches, a feeling of fatigue and nervous exhaustion, or a sense of incomplete emptying.[36] Although constipation may be a diagnosis, it is typically viewed as a symptom that requires evaluation to discern a cause.

Description

Distinguish between acute (days to weeks) or chronic (months to years) onset of constipation considering this data changes the differential diagnosis. This in the context of accompanied symptoms helps physicians discover the cause of constipation. People frequently describe their constipation as bowel movements that are difficult to pass, house stool with lumpy or hard consistency, and excessive straining during bowel movements. Bloating, abdominal distension, and abdominal hurting often accompany constipation.[37] Chronic constipation (symptoms present at least three days per month for more than iii months) associated with intestinal discomfort is often diagnosed as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) when no obvious cause is found.[38]

Poor dietary habits, previous abdominal surgeries, and certain medical conditions tin contribute to constipation. Diseases associated with constipation include hypothyroidism, certain types of cancer, and irritable bowel syndrome. Depression cobweb intake, inadequate amounts of fluids, poor ambulation or immobility, or medications tin can contribute to constipation.[16] [24] Once the presence of constipation is identified based on a culmination of the symptoms described to a higher place, then the cause of constipation should exist figured out.

Separating non-life-threatening from serious causes may be partly based on symptoms. For example, colon cancer may be suspected if a person has a family history of colon cancer, fever, weight loss, and rectal bleeding.[14] Other alarming signs and symptoms include family unit or personal history of inflammatory bowel affliction, age of onset over 50, change in stool caliber, nausea, vomiting, and neurological symptoms like weakness, numbness and difficulty urinating.[37]

Examination

A physical examination should involve at least an abdominal exam and rectal exam. Abdominal examination may reveal an intestinal mass if there is meaning stool burden and may reveal abdominal discomfort. Rectal examination gives an impression of the anal sphincter tone and whether the lower rectum contains any carrion or not. Rectal examination also gives data on the consistency of the stool, the presence of hemorrhoids, blood and whether any perineal irregularities are present including skin tags, fissures, anal warts.[24] [16] [14] Physical examination is done manually by a physician and is used to guide which diagnostic tests to order.

Diagnostic tests

Functional constipation is common and does not warrant diagnostic testing. Imaging and laboratory tests are typically recommended for those with alarm signs or symptoms.[fourteen]

The laboratory tests performed depends on the suspected underlying cause of the constipation. Tests may include CBC (complete blood count), thyroid function tests, serum calcium, serum potassium, etc.[16] [14]

Intestinal 10-rays are mostly simply performed if bowel obstacle is suspected, may reveal extensive impacted fecal matter in the colon, and may confirm or rule out other causes of similar symptoms.[24] [xvi]

Colonoscopy may be performed if an abnormality in the colon like a tumor is suspected.[14] Other tests rarely ordered include anorectal manometry, anal sphincter electromyography, and defecography.[16]

Colonic propagating pressure wave sequences (PSs) are responsible for discrete movements of the bowel contents and are vital for normal defecation. Deficiencies in PS frequency, aamplitude, and extent of propagation are all implicated in severe defecatory dysfunction (SDD). Mechanisms that can normalize these aberrant motor patterns may assist rectify the trouble. Recently the novel therapy of sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) has been utilized for the treatment of astringent constipation.[39]

Criteria

The Rome III Criteria for functional constipation must include two or more of the post-obit and nowadays for the past iii months, with symptoms starting for at to the lowest degree 6 months prior to diagnosis.[14]

  • Straining during defecation for at least 25% of bowel movements
  • Lumpy or hard stools in at least 25% of defecations
  • Awareness of incomplete evacuation for at least 25% of defecations
  • Sensation of anorectal obstacle/blockage for at least 25% of defecations
  • Manual maneuvers to facilitate at least 25% of defecations
  • Fewer than 3 defecations per calendar week
  • Loose stools are rarely present without the use of laxatives
  • At that place are bereft criteria for irritable bowel syndrome

Prevention

Constipation is ordinarily easier to prevent than to treat. Post-obit the relief of constipation, maintenance with adequate practice, fluid intake, and high-fiber diet is recommended.[xvi]

Handling

A express number of cases require urgent medical intervention or volition result in severe consequences.[iii]

The treatment of constipation should focus on the underlying cause if known. The National Institute of Wellness and Care Excellence (NICE) suspension constipation in adults into ii categories - chronic constipation of unknown cause and constipation due to opiates.[40]

In chronic constipation of unknown cause, the principal handling involves the increased intake of water and fiber (either dietary or as supplements).[17] The routine use of laxatives or enemas is discouraged, as having bowel movements may come to be dependent upon their use.[41]

Fiber supplements

Soluble fiber supplements such as psyllium are generally considered first-line treatment for chronic constipation, compared to insoluble fibers such equally wheat bran. Side effects of fiber supplements include bloating, flatulence, diarrhea, and possible malabsorption of atomic number 26, calcium, and some medications. However, patients with opiate-induced constipation will likely not benefit from fiber supplements.[33]

Laxatives

If laxatives are used, milk of magnesia or polyethylene glycol are recommended as showtime-line agents due to their low cost and condom.[three] Stimulants should merely exist used if this is non effective.[17] In cases of chronic constipation, polyethylene glycol appears superior to lactulose.[42] Prokinetics may be used to improve gastrointestinal motion. A number of new agents accept shown positive outcomes in chronic constipation; these include prucalopride[43] and lubiprostone.[44] Cisapride is widely available in third world countries, but has been withdrawn in most of the west. It has non been shown to have a benefit on constipation, while potentially causing cardiac arrhythmias and deaths.[45]

Enemas

Enemas tin be used to provide a form of mechanical stimulation. A large volume or high enema[46] can exist given to cleanse every bit much of the colon equally possible of feces,[47] [48] and the solution administered commonly contains castile soap which irritates the colon's lining resulting in increased urgency to defecate.[49] However, a depression enema is generally useful only for stool in the rectum, not in the intestinal tract.[50]

Physical intervention

Constipation that resists the above measures may crave physical intervention such as transmission disimpaction (the physical removal of impacted stool using the hands; encounter fecal impaction).

Regular practise

Regular exercise can assistance improve chronic constipation.[51]

Surgical intervention

In refractory cases, procedures tin exist performed to help relieve constipation. Sacral nervus stimulation has been demonstrated to exist constructive in a minority of cases. Colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis is some other intervention performed merely in patients known to have a tedious colonic transit time and in whom a defecation disorder has either been treated or is not present.[3] Because this is a major performance, side effects can include considerable intestinal pain, modest bowel obstruction, and post-surgical infections. Furthermore, information technology has a very variable rate of success and is very example dependent.[33]

Prognosis

Complications that tin arise from constipation include hemorrhoids, anal fissures, rectal prolapse, and fecal impaction.[16] [24] [52] [53] Straining to laissez passer stool may atomic number 82 to hemorrhoids. In later stages of constipation, the belly may become distended, hard and diffusely tender. Severe cases ("fecal impaction" or malignant constipation) may showroom symptoms of bowel obstruction (nausea, vomiting, tender abdomen) and encopresis, where soft stool from the small intestine bypasses the mass of impacted fecal thing in the colon.

Epidemiology

Constipation is the most common chronic gastrointestinal disorder in adults. Depending on the definition employed, it occurs in 2% to 20% of the population.[17] [54] It is more common in women, the elderly and children.[54] Specifically constipation with no known cause affects females more often affected than males.[55] The reasons it occurs more oft in the elderly is felt to be due to an increasing number of health problems as humans age and decreased physical activity.[18]

  • 12% of the population worldwide reports having constipation.[56]
  • Chronic constipation accounts for 3% of all visits annually to pediatric outpatient clinics.[sixteen]
  • Constipation-related health intendance costs total $half-dozen.nine billion in the United states of america annually.[17]
  • More than iv million Americans have frequent constipation, accounting for 2.v one thousand thousand doc visits a year.[53]
  • Around $725 1000000 is spent on laxative products each twelvemonth in America.[53]

History

19th century satirical cartoon of a monkey rejecting an onetime style clyster for a new design, filled with marshmallow and opium

Since ancient times unlike societies accept published medical opinions about how wellness intendance providers should answer to constipation in patients.[57] In diverse times and places, doctors have made claims that constipation has all sorts of medical or social causes.[57] Doctors in history have treated constipation in reasonable and unreasonable ways, including use of a spatula mundani.[57]

Subsequently the advent of the germ theory of disease then the idea of "machine-intoxication" entered popular Western thought in a fresh way.[57] Enema as a scientific medical treatment and colon cleansing as alternative medical treatment became more mutual in medical practice.[57]

Since the 1700s in the W there has been some popular thought that people with constipation have some moral failing with gluttony or laziness.[58]

Special populations

Children

Approximately 3% of children have constipation, with girls and boys being every bit afflicted.[35] With constipation bookkeeping for approximately 5% of general pediatrician visits and 25% of pediatric gastroenterologist visits, the symptom carries a meaning financial impact upon the healthcare arrangement.[8] While it is difficult to assess an exact age at which constipation near ordinarily arises, children often suffer from constipation in conjunction with life-changes. Examples include: toilet training, starting or transferring to a new schoolhouse, and changes in diet.[8] Peculiarly in infants, changes in formula or transitioning from chest milk to formula tin crusade constipation. The bulk of constipation cases are not tied to a medical illness, and treatment can be focused on simply relieving the symptoms.[35]

Postpartum women

The six-week catamenia later on pregnancy is called the postpartum stage.[59] During this fourth dimension, women are at increased risk of being constipated. Multiple studies estimate the prevalence of constipation to be around 25% during the first three months.[60] Constipation can cause discomfort for women, as they are still recovering from the delivery procedure especially if they take had a perineal tear or underwent an episiotomy.[61] Take chances factors that increment the chance of constipation in this population include:[61]

  • Damage to the levator ani muscles (pelvic flooring muscles) during childbirth
  • Forceps-assisted delivery
  • Lengthy second stage of labor
  • Delivering a large child
  • Hemorrhoids

Hemorrhoids are common in pregnancy and also may get exacerbated when constipated. Anything that can cause pain with stooling (hemorrhoids, perineal tear, episiotomy) can lead to constipation because patients may withhold from having a bowel movement so as to avoid pain.[61]

The pelvic floor muscles play an important role in helping pass a bowel move. Injury to those muscles past some of the in a higher place take a chance factors (examples- delivering a large child, lengthy 2nd stage of labor, forceps delivery) tin can result in constipation.[61] Enemas may be administered during labor and these can as well alter bowel movements in the days after giving nascence.[59] Notwithstanding, there is insufficient prove to make conclusions nigh the effectiveness and safety of laxatives in this group of people.[61]

See also

  • Obstructed defecation
  • Rectal tenesmus

References

  1. ^ "Costiveness – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary". Archived from the original on 11 Apr 2010.
  2. ^ a b c d east f Chatoor D, Emmnauel A (2009). "Constipation and evacuation disorders". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. Baillière Tindall. 23 (4): 517–30. doi:ten.1016/j.bpg.2009.05.001. PMID 19647687.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Bharucha, A. E.; Dorn, Southward. D.; Lembo, A.; Pressman, A. (January 2013). "American Gastroenterological Clan medical position statement on constipation". All-time Practice & Enquiry: Clinical Gastroenterology (Review). Baillière Tindall. 144 (1): 211–217. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.ten.029. PMID 23261064. Archived from the original on twenty Feb 2022.
  4. ^ a b c d e f chiliad h i j thou l m northward o p q "Constipation". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. February 2015. Archived from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
  5. ^ a b c d e "Symptoms & Causes of Celiac Disease | NIDDK". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. June 2016. Archived from the original on 24 Apr 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
  6. ^ a b c d Makharia A, Catassi C, Makharia GK (2015). "The Overlap between Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity: A Clinical Dilemma". Nutrients (Review). 7 (12): 10417–26. doi:10.3390/nu7125541. PMC4690093. PMID 26690475.
  7. ^ a b c Andromanakos N, Skandalakis P, Troupis T, Filippou D (2006). "Constipation of anorectal outlet obstruction: Pathophysiology, evaluation and management". Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 21 (4): 638–646. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04333.x. PMID 16677147. S2CID 30296908.
  8. ^ a b c Colombo, Jennifer Grand.; Wassom, Matthew C.; Rosen, John M. (one September 2015). "Constipation and Encopresis in Childhood". Pediatrics in Review. 36 (ix): 392–401, quiz 402. doi:ten.1542/pir.36-nine-392. ISSN 1526-3347. PMID 26330473.
  9. ^ Bharucha, AE; Pemberton, JH; Locke GR, 3rd (Jan 2013). "American Gastroenterological Association technical review on constipation". Gastroenterology. 144 (1): 218–38. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.10.028. PMC3531555. PMID 23261065.
  10. ^ a b Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (26 June 2014). "Dioctyl Sulfosuccinate or Docusate (Calcium or Sodium) for the Prevention or Management of Constipation: A Review of the Clinical Effectiveness". PMID 25520993.
  11. ^ Brenner, DM; Shah, M (June 2016). "Chronic Constipation". Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 45 (two): 205–16. doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2016.02.013. PMID 27261894.
  12. ^ Li, Yuyuan; Long, Shangqin; Liu, Qiaochu; Ma, Hong; Li, Jianxin; Xiaoking, Wei; Yuan, Jieli; Li, Ming; Hou, Minmin (8 August 2020). "Gut microbiota is involved in the alleviation of loperamide‐induced constipation by honey supplementation in mice". NIH. Retrieved 23 February 2022. The results of this study suggested that honey can improve the symptoms of constipation past elevating fecal water content and intestinal transit rate in loperamide‐induced constipation model.
  13. ^ Avunduk, Canan (2008). Transmission of gastroenterology : diagnosis and therapy (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Wellness/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 240. ISBN9780781769747. Archived from the original on 11 September 2016.
  14. ^ a b c d eastward f thou h Jamshed, Namirah; Lee, Zone-En; Olden, Kevin W. (i August 2011). "Diagnostic approach to chronic constipation in adults". American Family Md. 84 (3): 299–306. ISSN 1532-0650. PMID 21842777.
  15. ^ "Constipation" Archived 29 March 2007 at the Wayback Auto. eMedicine.
  16. ^ a b c d e f thousand h i j chiliad 50 g n o Walia R, Mahajan L, Steffen R (October 2009). "Recent advances in chronic constipation". Curr Opin Pediatr. 21 (5): 661–six. doi:10.1097/MOP.0b013e32832ff241. PMID 19606041. S2CID 11606786.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h Locke GR, Pemberton JH, Phillips SF (December 2000). "American Gastroenterological Association Medical Position Statement: guidelines on constipation". Gastroenterology. 119 (6): 1761–6. doi:10.1053/gast.2000.20390. PMID 11113098.
  18. ^ a b Hsieh C (December 2005). "Treatment of constipation in older adults". Am Fam Physician. 72 (11): 2277–84. PMID 16342852. Archived from the original on 10 April 2012.
  19. ^ a b c Basilisco, Guido; Coletta, Marina (2013). "Chronic constipation: A disquisitional review". Digestive and Liver Disease. 45 (11): 886–893. doi:x.1016/j.dld.2013.03.016. PMID 23639342.
  20. ^ a b Leung FW (Feb 2007). "Etiologic factors of chronic constipation: review of the scientific testify". Dig. Dis. Sci. 52 (ii): 313–half-dozen. doi:10.1007/s10620-006-9298-7. PMID 17219073. S2CID 608978.
  21. ^ "Ovarian Cancer, Inside Noesis, Become the Facts nearly Gynecological Cancer" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. September 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 June 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2017. Public Domain This commodity incorporates public domain cloth from websites or documents of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  22. ^ a b "Celiac disease". World Gastroenterology Organisation Global Guidelines. July 2016. Archived from the original on 17 March 2017. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
  23. ^ "Cystocele (Prolapsed Bladder) | NIDDK". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases . Retrieved 2 December 2017.
  24. ^ a b c d e McCallum IJ, Ong S, Mercer-Jones M (2009). "Chronic constipation in adults". BMJ. 338: b831. doi:10.1136/bmj.b831. PMID 19304766. S2CID 8291767.
  25. ^ Selby, Warwick; Corte, Crispin (Baronial 2010). "Managing constipation in adults". Australian Prescriber. 33 (4): 116–9. doi:ten.18773/austprescr.2010.058.
  26. ^ Gallegos-Orozco JF, Foxx-Orenstein AE, Sterler SM, Stoa JM (Jan 2012). "Chronic constipation in the elderly". The American Journal of Gastroenterology (Review). 107 (1): eighteen–25. doi:10.1038/ajg.2011.349. PMID 21989145. S2CID 205099253.
  27. ^ Gyger M, Baron Chiliad (2015). "Systemic Sclerosis: Gastrointestinal Illness and Its Management". Rheum Dis Clin N Am (Review). 41 (3): 459–73. doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2015.04.007. PMID 26210129.
  28. ^ Rao, Satish S. C.; Rattanakovit, Kulthep; Patcharatrakul, Tanisa (2016). "Diagnosis and direction of chronic constipation in adults". Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology. thirteen (v): 295–305. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2016.53. PMID 27033126. S2CID 19608417.
  29. ^ Schouten WR, Briel JW, Auwerda JJ, van Dam JH, Gosselink MJ, Ginai AZ, Hop WC (1997). "Anismus: fact or fiction?". Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 40 (9): 1033–1041. doi:10.1007/BF02050925. PMID 9293931. S2CID 23587867.
  30. ^ Pérez-Molina, José A.; Molina, Israel (6 January 2018). "Chagas affliction". The Lancet. 391 (10115): 82–94. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31612-4. PMID 28673423. S2CID 4514617.
  31. ^ Nguyen, Tina; Waseem, Muhammad (2022). "Chagas Illness". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. PMID 29083573.
  32. ^ Cohn A (2010). "Stool withholding" (PDF). Journal of Pediatric Neurology. 8 (one): 29–30. doi:10.3233/JPN-2010-0350. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 September 2011. Retrieved vii September 2011.
  33. ^ a b c Bharucha, Adil E.; Pemberton, John H.; Locke, Yard. Richard (2013). "American Gastroenterological Association Technical Review on Constipation". Gastroenterology. 144 (ane): 218–238. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.10.028. PMC3531555. PMID 23261065.
  34. ^ Wexner, Steven (2006). Constipation: etiology, evaluation and direction. New York: Springer.
  35. ^ a b c Tabbers, Thousand.G.; DiLorenzo, C.; Berger, M.Y.; Faure, C.; Langendam, Grand.W.; Nurko, South.; Staiano, A.; Vandenplas, Y.; Benninga, M.A. (2014). "Evaluation and Handling of Functional Constipation in Infants and Children". Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 58 (2): 265–281. doi:ten.1097/mpg.0000000000000266. PMID 24345831. S2CID 13834963.
  36. ^ "Constipation" Archived 30 November 2007 at the Wayback Motorcar MedicineNet
  37. ^ a b Tierney LM, Henderson MC, Smetana GW (2012). The patient history : an evidence-based arroyo to differential diagnosis (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. Chapter 32. ISBN9780071624947.
  38. ^ Longstreth GF, Thompson WG, Chey WD, Houghton LA, Mearin F, Spiller RC (2006). "Functional bowel disorders". Gastroenterology. 130 (5): 1480–91. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.11.061. PMID 16678561.
  39. ^ Dinning PG (September 2007). "Colonic manometry and sacral nervus stimulation in patients with severe constipation". Pelviperineology. 26 (3): 114–116. Archived from the original on 12 February 2008.
  40. ^ "Constipation overview". National Found for Health and Care Excellence. Archived from the original on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2015.
  41. ^ "Constipation". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library . Retrieved 10 July 2021.
  42. ^ Lee-Robichaud H, Thomas M, Morgan J, Nelson RL (7 July 2010). "Lactulose versus Polyethylene Glycol for Chronic Constipation". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (seven): CD007570. doi:ten.1002/14651858.CD007570.pub2. PMID 20614462.
  43. ^ Camilleri M, Deiteren A (February 2010). "Prucalopride for constipation". Expert Opin Pharmacother. 11 (three): 451–61. doi:x.1517/14656560903567057. PMID 20102308. S2CID 207478370.
  44. ^ Barish CF, Drossman D, Johanson JF, Ueno R (April 2010). "Efficacy and safety of lubiprostone in patients with chronic constipation". Dig. Dis. Sci. 55 (iv): 1090–seven. doi:x.1007/s10620-009-1068-x. PMID 20012484. S2CID 23450010.
  45. ^ Aboumarzouk, Omar M; Agarwal, Trisha; Antakia, Ramez; Shariff, Umar; Nelson, Richard 50 (nineteen Jan 2011). "Cisapride for Intestinal Constipation". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1): CD007780. doi:x.1002/14651858.cd007780.pub2. PMID 21249695.
  46. ^ "loftier enema". Medical Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
  47. ^ "Administering an Enema". Care of patients. Ternopil State Medical University. fourteen July 2015. Archived from the original on 23 February 2018. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
  48. ^ Rhodora Cruz. "Types of Enemas". Fundamentals of Nursing Practice. Professional Education, Testing and Certification Organization International. Retrieved 17 Feb 2018.
  49. ^ MarileeSchmelzer, Lawrence R.Schiller, Richard Meyer, Susan M.Rugari, PattiCase (Nov 2004). "Safe and effectiveness of large-volume enema solutions". Applied Nursing Research. 17 (4): 265–274. doi:ten.1016/j.apnr.2004.09.010. PMID 15573335. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  50. ^ "depression enema". Medical Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 17 Feb 2018.
  51. ^ Canberra Infirmary – Gastroenterology Unit. "constipation". Archived from the original on 17 July 2013.
  52. ^ Bharucha AE (2007). "Constipation". Best Practice & Enquiry Clinical Gastroenterology. 21 (4): 709–31. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2007.07.001. PMID 17643910.
  53. ^ a b c National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse. (2007) NIH Publication No. 07–2754. http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/constipation/#treatment Archived eighteen August 2010 at the Wayback Motorcar, Retrieved 7-18-2010.
  54. ^ a b Sonnenberg A, Koch TR (1989). "Epidemiology of constipation in the United States". Dis Colon Rectum. 32 (1): 1–eight. doi:ten.1007/BF02554713. PMID 2910654. S2CID 3161661.
  55. ^ Chang L, Toner BB, Fukudo S, Guthrie E, Locke GR, Norton NJ, Sperber Advertizement (2006). "Gender, age, social club, culture, and the patient'southward perspective in the functional gastrointestinal disorders". Gastroenterology. 130 (5): 1435–46. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.09.071. PMID 16678557. S2CID 8876455.
  56. ^ Wald, A.; Scarpignato, C.; Mueller-Lissner, Southward.; Kamm, M. A.; Hinkel, U.; Helfrich, I.; Schuijt, C.; Mandel, Thou. G. (1 October 2008). "A multinational survey of prevalence and patterns of laxative use among adults with self-divers constipation". Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 28 (7): 917–930. doi:x.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03806.x. ISSN 1365-2036. PMID 18644012. S2CID 33659161.
  57. ^ a b c d east Whorton, James C. (2000). Inner hygiene : constipation and the pursuit of health in modern society . New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0195135817.
  58. ^ Hornibrook, F. A. (1929). The civilization of the abdomen;: The cure of obesity and constipation. Heinemann.
  59. ^ a b Turawa, Eunice B; Musekiwa, Alfred; Rohwer, Anke C (23 September 2014). "Interventions for treating postpartum constipation". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (nine): CD010273. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010273.pub2. PMID 25246307.
  60. ^ Drossman DA, Corazziari E, Talley NJ, Grant Thompson W, Whitehead We, editors. Rome II: the Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders. Diagnosis, Pathophysiology and Treatment: a Multinational Consensus. second Edition. McLean: Degnon Associates, 2000
  61. ^ a b c d e Turawa, Eunice B.; Musekiwa, Alfred; Rohwer, Anke C. (v Baronial 2020). "Interventions for preventing postpartum constipation". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020 (8): CD011625. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011625.pub3. hdl:10019.1/104303. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC8094226. PMID 32761813.

External links

  • 09-129b. at Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy Habitation Edition
  • Constipation - Introduction (UK NHS site)
  • MedlinePlus Overview constipation
  • Constipation Guideline - the World Gastroenterology Organisation (WGO)

montefioreslosicessir1967.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constipation

0 Response to "Mommy's Bliss Constipation Ease How Much Amount Added With Water to Be Given for 6 Month Baby"

Post a Comment

Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)

Iklan Atas Artikel

Iklan Tengah Artikel 1

Iklan Tengah Artikel 2

Iklan Bawah Artikel